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.He suggested thatthe long tradition of executive legislative rivalry, combined withU.S.reluctance to become entangled in international affairs, meantthat ratification was predictably difficult but not impossible.TheLodge reservations, he added, could reassure the American publicthat national sovereignty was not compromised by membership inthe League.The White House was reportedly incensed at Grey sstatement, since it contradicted the Wilson administration s claimthat the Allies would never accept add-ons to the treaty.BritishPrime Minister David Lloyd George felt obliged to avoid damag-ing relations with President Woodrow Wilson by denying thatGrey had carried a secret cable supporting the views of reserva-tionist senators.In his later years, Grey (made Viscount Grey ofFallodon in 1916) served as leader of the House of Lords.See alsoHOUSE, EDWARD MANDELL.GROVES, LESLIE R.(1896 1970).The son of a minister, LeslieR.Groves served in the U.S.Army with the Quarter-Master Gen- GUOMINDANG " 141eral s Construction Department before World War II.In 1942, hewas placed in command of the Manhattan Project.Groves wasresponsible for organizing many of the scientists and facilities forthe construction of the atomic bomb.While some scientists hadmoral reservations, Groves strongly advocated to President HarryS.Truman the use of the bomb on Japanese cities in 1945 to has-ten Japan s surrender.He argued that the $2 billion cost of theproject would be hard to justify if the bomb was not used when itwas available.Groves retired from the army with the rank of lieu-tenant general in 1948 and became a vice president of RemingtonRand.GUADALCANAL, BATTLE OF (1942).Guadalcanal, an islandat the southern end of the Solomon Islands chain in the southwestPacific, was the site of a crucial World War II battle.The islandwas occupied by Japan s forces on 6 May 1942, as part of a planto interdict lines of communication between Hawaii and Australia.On 7 August 1942, U.S.marines landed on the island and capturedthe airfield that was being built there.They named it HendersonAirfield after a marine pilot who died at the battle of Midway.Japan landed forces to regain the island and fierce fighting rageduntil 7 February 1943.Guadalcanal was the first major U.S.land victory against Japanand was in many ways the turning point of the Pacific War.It dem-onstrated American resolve and fighting abilities to the Japanese,who had underrated these.It also initiated the brutal and unforgiv-ing combat that characterized not just the rest of the Solomonscampaign, which lasted another year, but the whole Pacific War.A series of intense naval battles took place in the waters aroundGuadalcanal that resulted in heavy losses on both sides.One of thewaterways leading to the island was known as Ironbottom Sound because of all the ships sunk there.The battles demonstrated thesuperiority of the U.S.Navy at a time when numbers were aboutequal and before the massive reequipment through the Two-OceanNavy Act.GUOMINDANG.See KUOMINTANG. 142 " HANIGHEN, FRANK CLEARY H HANIGHEN, FRANK CLEARY (1899 1964).Peace activist andjournalist Frank Hanighen, a Harvard graduate, worked as a foreigncorrespondent in Europe for the New York Post and the PhiladelphiaRecord.He was subsequently Washington correspondent for Com-mon Sense and an editorial assistant with publishers Dodd, Mead.Hewrote a number of books, the most famous being The Merchants ofDeath (1934) with Helmuth Engelbrecht, an exposé of the inter-national armaments trade.While it did not find U.S.manufacturersto be among those most culpable, the book, together with GeorgeSeldes s more sensationalistic Iron, Blood, and Profits, directlyinfluenced the establishment of the Nye Committee.Hanighen wasactive in the America First Committee and was still writing piecesfavoring isolationism in the late 1940s.From 1944, Hanighen wasjoint editor of a conservative foreign policy review, Human Events,which was partly funded by Robert E.Wood.See also DEVIL THE-ORY; DISARMAMENT AND ARMS CONTROL; NEUTRALITYACTS; PACIFISM.HARDING, WARREN GAMALIEL (1865 1923).The 29th presi-dent of the United States, Warren G.Harding had a reputation asa reliable party man.He had supported President William H.Taftagainst the progressive challenge of former President TheodoreRoosevelt in the 1912 election, though both lost to Democrat Wood-row Wilson.In 1914, Harding was elected to the U.S.Senate (R-Ohio), and he gave the keynote address to the 1916 convention thatnominated Charles Evans Hughes.Harding s nomination for thepresidency at the Republican convention in 1920 arose after the twoleading contenders deadlocked in the balloting.During the campaign, Harding s reputation as a conciliator made itpossible to smooth over the party s divisions on the issue of Leagueof Nations membership.He had been a member of the Senate Com-mittee on Foreign Relations and was part of the delegation thatvisited President Wilson at the White House on 19 August 1919 toquestion him over the terms of the Treaty of Versailles
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