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.The levels of each commodity to be held intheater and the proportion of the totals will be decided during the staff planningprocess.The distribution will depend on the tactical situation and thevulnerability of the lines of communication to enemy action.Expenditure RatesWhile the requirement for rations and water remain relatively constant, theexpenditure of fuel and ammunition will vary far more, not just because of thefluctuation between quiet periods and intense operations, but because of theenvironment.The amount of driving in soft sand and the longer distances to betraversed combine to increase consumption beyond central European rates.Similarly, the expenditure of tank and artillery ammunition may be increasedbecause of the open terrain.Host-Nation SupportIn a desert environment where resources, CSS personnel, and equipment arelimited, the use of host-nation support assets can be vital to the success of anoperation.Host-nation support assists in the accomplishment of missions andfunctions in support of US forces and enhances their capability to perform theirwartime role.4-5 FM 90-3All forms of peacetime transition to wartime, and wartime host-nation supportshould be included in the planning process.Host-nation support includes-Government agency support such as police, fire companies, and borderpatrols, may be available to support US forces.Contractor support such as supplies and services, including laundry, bath,bakery, transportation, labor, and construction.Host-nation civilians may be able to provide needed skills for laborers,stevedores, truck drivers, managers, and technicians.Host-nation military units may provide traffic control, convoy escort,installation security, cargo and troop transport, POL storage anddistribution, and rear operations.Host-nation facilities may be contracted and used for hospitals,headquarters, billets, maintenance shops, or other activities.Functional or area support maybe provided in the form of rail operations,convoy scheduling, air traffic control, and harbor pilot services.Services may be provided by the host nation for gymnasiums, recreationfacilities, and other morale and welfare demands.Supplies and equipment needed for missions may be acquired locally,precluding or reducing materiel shipments from CONUS.Section III.Corps Support CommandAn Army corps support command (COSCOM) deploying to support desertoperations must be carefully tailored to meet the needs of combat forcesoperating in a harsh environment.Requirements for long-haul truck companies,engineer construction battalions, water production units, and LOC-port unitspreviously described, must be carefully weighed.A shortfall of these units couldsignificantly impair combat operations.Organization of the COSCOM should beplanned based on the factors described in the previous paragraphs, withparticular attention given to-Number of troops to be supported.Quantity and types of equipment to be maintained.Tonnage to be handled.Available local resources and labor force.Types of units to be deployed to the theater of operations.The organization of the COSCOM and a description of its tasks are provided inFM 63-3J.Initial corps forces entering the theater can be supported by a forwardsupport battalion (FSB) of a division support command and a corps supportbattalion (CSB) of a corps.Once initial forces have arrived in the theater,additional tailored elements from the COSCOM must immediately follow, or4-6 FM 90-3even arrive first to minimize the requirement for the DISCOM cooperate suchactivities as ports or airheads.Section IV.Division Support CommandAs previously mentioned, combat service support units are high-priority targetsfor any desert enemy.In most cases, Army division support command(DISCOM) units will not be able to provide for their own security, consideringthe many ways in which they could be attacked.Air defense protection must beprovided.It may even be necessary to provide a maneuver unit or additional MPunits to secure DISCOM elements.Nearby maneuver units can also bedesignated to move to their defens-attack helicopters are especially suited forthis purpose-and on-call fires should be planned by nearby field artillery units.Any pipelines in the division area must also be secured by any means at hand.Observation helicopters can be used to patrol pipelines.Stocks should be kept as mobile as possible in the event rapid displacement isnecessary.Stockpiling off vehicles must be held to a minimum, as shouldstockage levels.To the extent practical, supplies located forward of the divisionsupport area should be stored aboard vehicles to minimize the Possibility ofhaving to leave them behind.For this purpose, a force operating in the desertshould be augmented with additional transportation assets.DISCOM organizations of the lead divisions in austere and immature theatersmay be called upon to establish forward logistic bases.In these situationsdivision assets may have to assume other support or transportationresponsibilities temporarily until area support groups can establish supportoperations and transportation.Section V.Combat Service Support ElementThe Marine Corps combat service support element (CSSE) is a task organizedservice support element of the MAGTF.Its composition is based on manyfactors, to include--" MAGTF size (MEF, MEB, MEU, or SPMAGTF)." MAGTF mission." Type of operation." Area of operation.The considerations listed under Sections III and IV are also true for a CSSE.Formore information on CSSE operations, see FMFM 4-1.4-7 FM 90-3Section VI.Support OperationsListed below are some of the factors that make support operations complicated.SUPPLYConsumption rates must often be developed after the force has operated for sometime in the area.Water has to be found, purified, stored, and transported.MAINTENANCEThere will be a greater demand for such items as filters, oils, and lubricants.More Class IX stores are required than normal, and the work load onmaintenance units is much greater.Supply items and spare parts should bepacked or wrapped as if to be air and water tight to prevent blowing sand fromcontaminating or damaging them
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