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.Some of the most violent groups, such as the Mongols, traceadditional roots to the prison subculture and their activities reflect the consequencesof the mass incarceration policies of the late modern era in the United States.In the first decade of the twenty-first century, the largest clubs have begun to rep-resent themselves in the media as less extreme, and groups such as the Hell s Angels, 186 OUTLAW BIKERSBandidos, and Outlaws maintain sophisticated and well-funded public relations ef-forts that reflect a newly professed desire to enter the mainstream at least in theeconomic sense.Web pages advertise apparel and other items for sale to the generalpublic, and some legendary bikers have made careers of appearing in movies andaccepting paid speaking engagements.Outlaw bikers donate some of this revenue tomainstream charities, and continue to present an avowedly conservative politicalideology.The term 1 percenter represents a full-time commitment to participation in clubactivities and the maintenance of the group as an autonomous, economically viabletribe.Although the Hell s Angels no longer employ the term as they continue to de-velop legitimate means of income generation, they are still dedicated to maintainingtheir independence from the wider society.However, there are other biker groupsthat resemble the 1 percenters in appearance and activities but on a part-time basis.These groups, sometimes affiliated with national associations that are known as modifi ed motorcycle associations (as differentiated from the wholly mainstreamAMA) are distinguished by a greater proportion of the membership that hold full-time employment and live in traditional, nuclear family units.Despite a greater com-mitment to the mainstream, these groups engage in similar activities and often abideby many of the same normative assumptions as do outlaws.These groups might beconsidered outlaws light. One example of a modifi ed club might be the Huns ofArizona.The Big Four Clubs and Their Estimated Numbers in 2005(Employing Barker s [2005] best guess estimate and club Web sites)" The Bandidos Motorcycle Club (Bandido Nation)72 Chapters in 14 states81 chapters in 12 countries outside the United StatesEstimated membership:United States: 510 to 2,125Worldwide: 948 to 4,050" The Hell s Angels Motorcycle ClubUp to 65 chapters in the United States (30 listed on the HAMC Web site)Up to 35 worldwideEstimated membership:600 to 2,500 members worldwide" The Outlaws Motorcycle Club80 chapters in 20 states116 chapters in 14 countries worldwideEstimated membership:936 to 3,900 world wide396 to 1,650 in the U.S." The Pagans Motorcycle ClubUp to 44 chapters in the Eastern United StatesUp to 900 membersNo reliable estimates are available for foreign expansion activity. OUTLAW BIKERS 187Pagans are said to be suffering from a decline in both members as well as chapterexpansion activity due to reclusive cultural identity as well as pressure from law en-forcement and inter club warfare (Barker, 2005).References/Suggested Readings: Barger, Sonny.2000.Hells Angel.New York: Harper Col-lins; Barker, Tom.2005.One Percent Bikers Clubs: A Description.Trends in Organized Crime,9 (1); Queen, William.2002.Under and Alone.New York: Random House; Quinn, James F.,Angels, Bandidos.2001.Outlaws and Pagans: The Evolution of Organized Crime among theBig Four 1% Motorcycle Clubs.Deviant Behavior: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 22 (4), 379399; Thompson, Hunter S.1966/1967.Hell s Angels.New York: Ballantine Press; Wolf,Daniel R.1991.The Rebels: A Brotherhood of Outlaw Bikers.Toronto: University of TorontoPress; Zito, Chuck.2002.Street Justice.New York: St.Martin s Press.MITCH LIBRETT PPATHE (POSITIVE ACTION THROUGH HOLISTIC EDUCATION).PATHE isan integration of services within an existing school management structure intendedto produce academic gains and improved behavior.Not solely a program, it is astructure and process for managing broad school improvement, taking into accounteach school s strengths and needs.PATHE was originated by educators in theCharleston County, South Carolina, School District and is currently being replicatedin Maryland school districts by researchers at the University of Maryland, CollegePark (Gottfredson, n.d.).The Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP) describesPATHE as a universal comprehensive school organizational change program that isused in secondary schools to reduce school disorder and improve the school environ-ment, in turn enhancing student experiences and attitudes about school.The pro-gram targets all students in middle schools and high schools, serving large numbersof minority youths in both inner cities and impoverished rural areas (Project PATHE,2002).The Positive Action program is unique in that it deals with the whole child,teaching physical, intellectual, social, and emotional skills.The goal is to producepositive change in students and schools (Positive Action, 2006).Components of PATHEOJJDP, in their article titled Project PATHE, highlighted five major components:1.Staff, student, and community participation in planning2.School-wide organizational changes aimed at increasing academic performance3.School-wide organizational changes aimed at enhancing school climate4.Programs to prepare students for careers5
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