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.80.ELG Popular Leaders, Nation, November 1, 1866, 351 52; see also CEN to Fred-erick Law Olmsted, January 24, 1864, CEN Papers.81.[GWC], Editor s Easy Chair, HNMM, June 1866, 118 20.GWC pointed out thatCarlyle s assault on government by talk had begun in 1850 ( Editor s Easy Chair, HNMM, October 1885, 798).Carlyle urged silence in his 1866 Inaugural Address atEdinburgh, from which GWC quoted (Carlyle, On the Choice of Books).82.Recent work on JSM has drawn out his emphasis on discursive or communicative poli-tics.Collini, Public Moralists, chapter 4, discusses JSM s understanding of his seat in Parlia-ment as simply a larger and higher-profile platform than his more typical venues.Biagini, Liberalism and Direct Democracy, traces the Athenian origins of JSM s view of represen-tative government, which allowed him to fuse republican and liberal elements.Urbinati, Milland Democracy, offers a compelling discussion of JSM s agonistic politics, with its prefer-ence for talking (associated with Athens) over acting (associated with Sparta).See alsoKinzer, Robson, and Robson, Moralist in and out of Parliament, a helpful study of JSM sparliamentary career.For an admission about JSM s lack of oratorical skills, see LS, En-gland, Nation, September 13, 1867, 214, though this opinion was not universally shared.83.ELG, The Prospects of Political Art, NAR, April 1870, 398 420.Chapter Four1.TWH, Literature as an Art, AtMo, December 1867, 745; TWH, A Plea for Cul-ture, in Atlantic Essays, 6, 21, first published in AtMo, January 1867, 29 38.For a responseto TWH s article, see A Plea for Culture, Nation, February 21, 1867, 151 52.2.TWH, A Plea for Culture, in Atlantic Essays, 6, 18, 20.For studies that empha- NOTES TO PAGES 130 38 295size cultural retreat rather than engagement, see Tomsich, Genteel Endeavor; Levine, High-brow/Lowbrow.3.See, for example, the declaration, in the first issue, that one principle of The Nationis to promote and develop a higher standard of criticism ([ELG], Critics and Criticism, Nation, July 6, 1865, 10).4.Stefan Collini, introduction to MA, Culture and Anarchy, ix; DeLaura, Hebrew andHellene; Coulling, MA and His Critics.5.GWC, Easy Chair, HNMM, October 1884, 797.6.MA, Culture and Anarchy, chapter 3.7.Ibid., chapter 4.I have relied here on Collini s helpful discussion of MA in both theintroduction to MA s Culture and Anarchy and Arnold.8.TWH, Americanism in Literature, AtMo, January 1870, 231.For Fuller s use of Philistine in the Dial, see TWH, The Equation of Fame, in Studies in History and Let-ters, 277.9.TWH, Literature as an Art, AtMo, December 1867, 745; TWH, Plea for Culture, in Atlantic Essays, 9.On the ambiguity at heart of the Arnoldian notion of culture, see Ray-mond Williams, Culture and Society, 126 29.10. MA, Nation, April 19, 1888, 316.On this point, see David Hall, Victorian Con-nection. While Paul DiMaggio coined the phrase sacralization of culture, it is oftenmost closely associated with Levine.Neither scholar attends to the religious context ofthe late-nineteenth-century cultural endeavors.See DiMaggio, Cultural Entrepreneurshipin Nineteenth-Century Boston: The Creation of an Organizational Base ; Levine, High-brow/Lowbrow, 85 168.11.TWH, Things Old and New, 15.12.Ibid., 15, 19; LS, Religion as a Fine Art, in Essays on Freethinking, 63 64; CENto JR, October 8, 1869, in John Bradley and Ousby, Correspondence, 175.See also TWH, Scripture Idolatry and The Sympathy of Religions, both in Studies in History and Let-ters, 318 59.13.CEN to J.B.Harrison, March 19, 1865, August 15, 1865, both in CEN Papers.OnVictorian agnosticism, see James Turner, Without God; Lightman, Origins of Agnosticism.On CEN, see James Turner, Liberal Education.The Free Religious Association is discussedin Persons, Free Religion; Leigh Schmidt, Restless Souls.14.LS, Essays on Freethinking; CEN to Frederick Law Olmsted, July 24, 1881, CENPapers; Lightman, Origins of Agnosticism, 149 50; James Turner, Without God.15.JRL to LS, May 16, 1874, May 27, 1874, in JRL, Letters, 2:125, 127; JRL to CEN,January 1, 1874, JRL Papers (A); JRL, The Cathedral, in Complete Poetical Works, 34960.Critics have made similar points about the self-conscious and cerebral as opposed toimmediately emotional quality of JRL s and MA s religious poetry; see, for example, Duber-man, JRL, 244 45; Collini, Arnold, chapter 3.16.Wallace, GS, 211 25.For more on GS s discomfort with the agnostic label, see CENto GS, January 31, 1905, CEN Papers.17.JSM, Inaugural Address at St.Andrews, in CWJSM, 21:251.JSMandMAhadmorein common when it came to views of culture and self-improvement (though JSM s great fear 296 NOTES TO PAGES 138 41was stagnation, not anarchy ).See Robson, Civilization and Culture, 347 48; Alexan-der, MA and JSM.Moreover, despite obvious differences, both FH s positivism and MA sculture constituted manifestations of a similar nineteenth-century ethical humanism; seeVogeler, MA and FH. For more on the controversies surrounding the publishing history ofCulture and Anarchy, especially FH s rebuttal and MA s subsequent response, see Coulling,MA and His Critics.18
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